UNIT - I Introduction and Basic Concepts : Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying accessories, phases of surveying. Measurement of Distances and Directions Linear distances - Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections. Prismatic Compass - Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip. (Chapters - 1, 2, 3) UNIT - II Leveling - Types of levels and levelling staves, temporary adjustments, methods of levelling, booking and Determination of levels, Effect of Curvature of Earth and Refraction. Contouring - Characteristics and uses of Contours, methods of contour surveying. Areas - Determination of areas consisting of irregular boundary and regular boundary. Volumes - Determination of volume of earth work in cutting and embankments for level section, volume of borrow pits, capacity of reservoirs. (Chapters - 4, 5) UNIT - III Theodolite Surveying : Types of Theodolites, Fundamental Lines, temporary adjustments, measurement of horizontal angle by repetition method and reiteration method, measurement of vertical Angle, Trigonometrical levelling when base is accessible and inaccessible. Traversing : Methods of traversing, traverse computations and adjustments, Omitted measurements. (Chapters - 6, 7) UNIT - IV Curves : Types of curves and their necessity, elements of simple, compound, reverse, transition and vertical curves. Tacheometric Surveying : Principles of Tacheometry, stadia and tangential methods of Tacheometry, Modern Surveying Methods : Principle and types of E.D.M. Instruments, Total station- advantages and Applications. Field Procedure for total station survey, Errors in Total Station Survey, Global Positioning System- Principle and Applications. (Chapters - 8, 9, 10) UNIT - V Photogrammetry Surveying : Introduction, Basic concepts, perspective geometry of aerial photograph, relief and tilt displacements, terrestrial photogrammetry, flight planning; Stereoscopy, ground control extension for photographic mapping- aerial triangulation, radial triangulation, methods; photographic mapping - mapping using paper prints, mapping using stereoplotting instruments, mosaics, map substitutes. (Chapter - 11)
