Unit 1 : Power System Stability Introduction to stability, dynamics of synchronous machine, swing equation, power angle equation and curve, types of power system stability (concepts of steady state, transient, dynamic stability), equal area criterion, applications of equal area criterion (sudden change in mechanical input, effect of clearing time on stability, critical clearing angle, short circuit at one end of line, short circuit away from line ends and reclosure), solution of swing equation by point by point method, methods to improve steady state and transient stability, numerical based on equal area criteria. (Chapter - 1) Unit 2 : Reactive Power management Necessity of reactive power control, reactive power generation by a synchronous machine, effect of excitation, loading capability curve of a generator, compensation in power system: series and shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, Problems with Series Compensation, synchronous condenser. (Chapter - 2) Unit 3 : FACTs Technology Problems of AC transmission system, evolution of FACTs technology, Working principle, circuit diagram, VI characteristics, applications, advantages and limitations of SVC, TCSC, STATCOM and UPFC. (Chapter - 3) Unit 4 : Automatic Generation and Control (AGC) Concept of AGC, complete block diagram representation of load-frequency control of an isolated power system, steady state and dynamic response, control area concept, two area load frequency control. Schematic and block diagram of alternator voltage regulator scheme. (Chapter - 4) Unit 5 : Economic Load Dispatch and Unit Commitment A. Economic load dispatch : Introduction, revision of cost curve of thermal and hydropower plant, plant scheduling method, equal incremental cost method, method of Lagrange multiplier (neglecting transmission losses), coefficient, economic scheduling of thermal plant considering effect of transmission losses, penalty factor, procedure of load dispatch at state level load dispatch center, Regional Load Dispatch Center, numerical on penalty factor, exact coordination equation. B. Unit commitment : Concept of unit commitment, constraints on unit commitment – spinning reserve, thermal and hydro constraints, methods of unit commitment – priority list and dynamic programming, Numerical on priority list method. (Chapter - 5) Unit 6 : Energy Control and Planning and Reliability of Power Systems A. Energy Control : Interchange of power between interconnected utilities, economy interchange evaluation, interchange evaluation with unit commitment, types of interchange, capacity and diversity interchange, energy banking, emergency power interchange, inadvertent power exchange, power pools. B. Planning and Reliability of Power Systems : Need of short term planning and long term planning in generation, transmission, distribution expansion. Definition of reliability of power system, Hierarchical levels for reliability study, Reliability evaluation of generation system, loss of load probability (LOLP), loss of load expectation (LOLE), Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS), generation model, load model, risk model, composite system reliability evaluation, Distribution system reliability evaluation for radial and parallel system, customer oriented and energy based reliability indices. (Chapter - 6)
