UNIT - I Solubility of drugs : Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation and association, quantitative approach to the factors influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions) Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature and applications Distribution law, its limitations and applications. (Chapter - 1) UNIT-II States of matter and properties of matter : State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols - inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism. Physicochemical properties of drug molecules : Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications. (Chapter - 2) UNIT-III Surface and interfacial phenomenon : Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB Scale, solubilisation, detergency, adsorption at solid interface. (Chapter - 3) UNIT-IV Complexation and protein binding : Introduction, Classification of Complexation, Applications, methods of analysis, protein binding, Complexation and drug action, crystalline structures of complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability constants. (Chapter - 4) UNIT-V pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions : Sorensen’s pH scale, pH determination (electrometric and calorimetric), applications of buffers, buffer equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems, buffered isotonic solutions. (Chapter - 5)
