Unit 1 A) Classification of Measuring Instruments : Characteristics of measuring instruments : Static and dynamic accuracy, Linearity, Speed of response, Dead zone, Repeatability, Resolution, Span, Reproducibility, Drifts, Necessity of calibration, standands and their classification. Absolute and secondary instruments, Types of secondary instruments : Indicating, Integrating and recording, Analog/digital. Ammeter and voltmeter theory : Essentials of indicating instruments deflecting, Controlling and damping systems. Construction, Working principle, Torque equation, Advantages and disadvantages of Moving Iron (MI) (Attraction and repulsion), and Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC). block diagram and operation of digital ammeter and voltmeter. B) Range Extension : PMMC ammeters and voltmeters using shunts, Multipliers. Universal shunt, Universal multiplier. Instrument transformers : Construction, Connection of CT and PT in the circuit, Advantages of CT/PT over shunt and multipliers for range extension of MI instruments, Transformation ratio, Turns ratio, Nominal ratio, Burden, Ratio and phase angle error. (Descriptive treatment only).(Chapters - 1,2) Unit 2 A) Measurement of Resistance : Measurement of low, Medium and high resistance, Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin's double bridge, Ammeter-voltmeter method, Megger, Loss of charge method.Earth tester for earth resistance measurement. B) Measurement of Inductance : Introduction, Sources and detectors for a.c. bridge, General equation for bridge at balance. Measurement of inductance : Maxwell's inductance and Maxwell's inductance-Capacitance bridge, Anderson's bridge. (Chapter - 3) Unit 3 Measurement of Power : Construction, Working principle, Torque equation, Errors and their compensation, Advantages and disadvantages of dynamometer type wattmeter, Low power factor wattmeter, Poly-phase wattmeter. Active and reactive power measurement in three phase system for balanced and unbalanced load using three wattemeter method, Two wattmeter method and one wattmeter method. Power analyzer, Multimeter. (Chapter - 4) Unit 4 Measurement of Energy : Construction, Working principle, Torque equation, Errors and adjustments of single phase conventional (induction type) energy meter, Calibration of energy meter. Block diagram and operation of electronic energy meter. Three phase energy meter, TOD meter. (Chapter - 5) Unit 5 A) Oscilloscope : Introduction, Various parts, Front panel controls, Use of CRO for measurement of voltage, Current, Period, Frequency, Phase angle and frequency by lissajous pattern and numerical. Introduction to DSO. B) Transducers : Introduction, Classification, types : resistive, inductive, capacitive, basic requirements for transducers. C) Pressure measurement : Introduction, Classification of pressure as low, medium and high, absolute, gauge, vacuum, static, dynamic and head pressure. High pressure measurement using electric methods, low pressure measurement by McLeod gauge and Pirani gauge, Capacitive pressure transducer. (Chapters - 6, 7) Unit 6 A) Level Measurement : Introduction and importance of level measurement, Level measurement methods : Mechanical, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Electrical,Nucleonic and ultrasonic. B) Displacement Measurement : LVDT and RVDT - Construction, Working, Application, Null voltage, Specifications, Advantages and disadvantages, Effect of frequency on performance. C) Strain gauge : Introduction, Definition of strain, Types of strain gauge : Wire strain gauge, Foil strain gauge, Semiconductor strain gauge etc. Their construction, Working, Advantages and disadvantages. (Chapter - 8)
