UNIT - I Introduction : The structure of a compiler, the science of building a compiler, programming language basics. Lexical Analysis : The Role of the Lexical Analyzer, Input Buffering, Recognition of Tokens, The Lexical-Analyzer Generator Lex, Finite Automata, From Regular Expressions to Automata, Design of a Lexical-Analyzer Generator, Optimization of DFA-Based Pattern Matchers. (Chapter - 1) UNIT - II Syntax Analysis : Introduction, Context-Free Grammars, Writing a Grammar, Top-Down Parsing, Bottom-Up Parsing, Introduction to LR Parsing : Simple LR, More Powerful LR Parsers, Using Ambiguous Grammars, and Parser Generators. (Chapter - 2) UNIT - III Syntax-Directed Translation : Syntax-Directed Definitions, Evaluation Orders for SDD's, Applications of Syntax-Directed Translation, Syntax-Directed Translation Schemes, and Implementing L-Attributed SDD's. Intermediate-Code Generation : Variants of Syntax Trees, Three-Address Code, Types and Declarations, Type Checking, Control Flow, Back patching, Switch-Statements, Intermediate Code for Procedures. (Chapter - 3) UNIT - IV Run-Time Environments : Stack Allocation of Space, Access to Nonlocal Data on the Stack, Heap Management, Introduction to Garbage Collection, Introduction to Trace-Based Collection. Code Generation : Issues in the Design of a Code Generator, The Target Language, Addresses in the Target Code, Basic Blocks and Flow Graphs, Optimization of Basic Blocks, A Simple Code Generator, Peephole Optimization, Register Allocation and Assignment, Dynamic Programming Code-Generation. (Chapter - 4) UNIT - V Machine-Independent Optimization : The Principal Sources of Optimization, Introduction to Data-Flow Analysis, Foundations of Data-Flow Analysis, Constant Propagation, Partial-Redundancy Elimination, Loops in Flow Graphs. (Chapter - 5)
